From: "Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 7" Subject: Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls Date: Mon, 12 May 2008 07:23:58 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0087_01C8B401.25110AE0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.0.6001.18000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0087_01C8B401.25110AE0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls

Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the = Twentieth=20 Century

List of = Recurring=20 Sources

Alphabetical = Index

[Support=20 This Site]

Growing up in the South, I heard over and over again that nobody in = the=20 history of the world suffered as much as the Southern people during the = American=20 Civil War. The following events, however, all killed more people than = the=20 American Civil War, which cost approximately 620,000 lives.


  1. Congo Free State = (1886-1908): 8=20 000 000 [make = link]=20
    • This is probably the least publicized megadeath of the 20th = Century. A=20 lot of natives died from colonial brutality, but no one really knows = how=20 many.=20
      • Roger Casement's original 1904 report estimated that as many = as 3=20 million Congolese had died of disease, torture or shooting since = 1888=20 (cited in Gilbert's History of the Twentieth Century; also = in Colin=20 Legum, Congo Disaster (1972)).=20
      • Peter Forbath (The River Congo (1977)): at least 5 = million=20 killed.=20
      • John Gunther (Inside Africa (1953)): 5-8 million = deaths.=20
      • Adam Hochschild (Leopold's Ghost, (1998)): 10 million, = or half=20 the original population.=20
      • Britannica, "Congo Free State": population declined = from 20 or=20 30 million to 8 million.=20
      • Fredric Wertham A Sign For Cain : A Exploration of Human=20 Violence (1966): the population of the Congo dropped dropped = from 30M=20 to 8.5M, a loss of 21.5 million=20
      • Rummel:=20
        • 2,150,000 democides, 19th Century (based on 10% of Wertham)=20
        • 25,000 democides, 1900-1910.
    • AVERAGE:=20
      • Median: ca. 8M=20
      • Mean: ca. 8.5M
    • NOTE: Because this event began in 1886, it tend to get relegated = to the=20 19th Century; however, 40% of it occured in the 20th Century, so we = need to=20 keep this in mind when splitting the death toll into century-based=20 subtotals. Also, it took awhile for the atrocities to get up to = speed, so=20 the dying probably intensified as more time passed.
  2. Mexican = Revolution=20 (1910-20): 1 000 000 [make = link]=20
    • The population explosion of the 20th Century is so pervasive = that=20 populations have continued to climb during most of the bad times = listed on=20 this page; however, the intensity of the Mexican Revolution is such = that the=20 counted population of Mexico actually declined from = 15,160,369 in=20 1910 to 14,334,780 in 1921. How many people, therefore, died in the = war?=20
    • Most scholars are rather vague:=20
      • "conservatively estimated at half a million" (Peter Calvert,=20 Mexico, 1973)=20
      • "perhaps a million" (C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: the = constitutionalist years, 1972)=20
      • "estimated at 1 million" (Crow, The Epic of Latin = America)=20
      • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Mexico": 1M lives=20
      • "at least a million" (Wallechensky)=20
      • "perhaps 2 million" (R.J. Rummel, although he later tightens = his=20 estimate to 2,142,000)=20
      • "as many as two million" (T.R. Fehrenbach, Fire and = Blood,=20 1973)
    • War Deaths:=20
      • Wallechensky: 200,000=20
      • Small & Singer: 250,000=20
      • Rummel: 200,000 battle deaths + 125,000 incidental civilian = deaths=20
      • Enrique Krauze, Mexico : Biography of Power (1997): = 250,000=20 combat deaths; 750,000 of disease/hunger=20
      • Eckhardt: 125,000 civ. + 125,000 mil. =3D 250,000
    • A detailed online analysis can be found at [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/mxrev.htm] = "Missing=20 millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution" by Robert McCaa. = He=20 estimates 1.4M excess deaths due to war. In contrast, he mentions = these=20 previous estimates:=20
      • Ordorica and Lezama: 1.4M=20
      • Collver: 0.5M - 2.1M=20
      • Loyo: 0.9M=20
      • Greer: 0.6M=20
      • Gamio: 0.55M=20
      • Gonzalez Navarro: 0.3M=20
      • Mier y Teran: 0.2M
    • AVERAGE: Of the 17 estimates here, the MEDIAN is 1,000,000, and = the MEAN=20 is 927,000.=20
    • American involvement: This is the only war (well okay, = there were=20 a few balloons in WW2) of the 20th Century to directly impact the = United=20 States mainland.=20
      • According to a report from the US Congress dated 17 Feb. 1915, = the=20 Mexican Revolution killed 213 US citizens in Mexico, as well as 36 = US=20 citizens inside the US -- often from stray bullets in border = towns. Also,=20 92 Mexicans were killed inside the US because of the Revolution = (That's=20 the official total. Unofficially, it may be as high as 400 (Ronald = Atkin,=20 Revolution! Mexico 1910-20, 1969))=20
      • Keep in mind that this report predates Pancho Villa's raid on=20 Columbus, NM, where 18 Americans and possibly 50-100 Mexicans were = killed.=20 Additionally, 19 US Marines died seizing Veracruz, and 30 US = soldiers died=20 on Pershing's expedition. (Wallechinsky)=20
      • Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace=20
        • Columbus NM raid: 8 US civ. + 10 US soldiers k. 100 = Villistas k. +=20 "some" hanged after trial.=20
        • Punitive Expedition: 135 Villistas k.
      • Texasranger.org [http://www.texasranger.org/history/SilverStars1.htm]=20
        • "Mexican raids into Texas in 1915-16 caused an estimated 21 = American=20 deaths; an estimated 300 Mexicans or Tejanos may have been = killed in=20 South Texas by the actions of Rangers, vigilantes and citizens. = Some=20 sources place the death toll as high as 300 and=20 3,000."
  3. Armenian Massacres = (1915-23):=20 1 500 000 [make = link]=20
    • The big massacres occured in 1915, but there were rumblings = before and=20 after:=20
      • 1909:=20
        • Rummel: 30,000=20
        • Eckhardt: 6,000
      • 1915-18:=20
        • Britannica: 600,000=20
        • Dict.Wars: 600,000 died of starvation, disease and = exhaustion=20
        • Steven Katz in Is the Holocaust Unique? (Rosenbaum, = ed.):=20 475,800-775,800=20
        • Encarta: 800,000=20
        • Kuper: 800,000=20
        • Martin Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century: = 1,000,000=20
        • Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ.=20
        • Robert Melson in Is the Holocaust Unique?: 1,000,000=20
        • Christopher Walker, Armenia : The Survival of a = Nation=20 (1980): 1,000,000 (in Turkey, 1915-16), plus an additional = 50-100,000=20 (invasion of the Caucasus, 1918)=20
        • Alan Palmer, The Decline & Fall of the Ottoman = Empire=20 (1992)=20
          • Official Turkish est.: 300,000=20
          • max. Armenian claims: 2M=20
          • probable: >1,300,000 during war and aftermath
        • Porter: 1,000,000 to 1,500,000=20
        • Rummel: 1,404,000 domestic, 83,000 foreign=20
        • War Annual 8 (1997): 1,500,000=20
        • The Turkish Government denies that the Armenians were = massacred, and=20 instead, accuses the Armenians of massacring some 23,100 Turks. = [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/portal/default_en.asp?belgeno=3D3338]=20
        • MEDIAN of these 16 estimates is 1M
      • Individual massacres=20
        • Trebizond<= /A>=20
        • Bitlis
      • 1919-23:=20
        • C. Walker: 250,000 (in Turkey, 1919-22)=20
        • Robert Melson in Is the Holocaust Unique?: 500,000=20
        • Rummel: 440,000 domestic, 175,000 = foreign
  4. China, Warlord = Era (1917-28): 800 000=20
  5. China, Nationalist = Era=20 (1928-37): 3 100 000=20
  6. Korean War = (1950-53): 2 800 000 [make = link]=20
    • Deaths:=20
    • I don't understand why all the sources I check are so sure of = their=20 numbers when they all give different numbers. Okay, some of = the=20 discrepancies come from disagreement over what to include -- do we = count=20 only the 33,741 Americans killed in battle, or do we add the 2,827=20 non-combat deaths as well? But some of the other disagreements are = harder to=20 reconcile:=20
      • South Korea:=20
        • SoKo Military=20
          • 47,000 KIA (Encyclopedia Americana)=20
          • 46,812 KIA + 66,436 MIA (Wallechinsky; also Clodfelter, = citing=20 Defense Dept.) [=3D113,248]=20
          • 59,000 (Summers)=20
          • 70,000 (Clodfelter's own est.)=20
          • 100,000 (Leckie)=20
          • 113,248 (COWP)=20
          • 212,500 KIA (Pentagon: =BC "KWM")=20
          • 225,784 (Nahm93)=20
          • 281,000 (Rummel)=20
          • 281,257 to 400,000 (Lewy - the latter citing the ROK = Defense=20 Ministry)=20
          • 415,000 (S&S; Hastings)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 113,248]
        • SoKo Civilian=20
          • 315,000 (Rummel)=20
          • 244,000 killed and 303,000 missing. (Nahm88)=20
          • 373,500 killed and 387,740 missing (Nahm93)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 547,000]
        • SoKo Military + Civilian=20
          • 415,004 killed (Leckie; Wallechinsky; Clodfelter, citing = Defense=20 Dept. incl. k, exec., dis.)=20
          • 591,285 (Compton's)=20
          • 596,000 (Rummel)=20
          • 600,000 (Dictionary of 20C World History)=20
          • 987,024 (Nahm93)=20
          • 1,300,000 (Britannica)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 595,000]
      • North Korea:=20
        • NoKo Military=20
          • 130,000 KIA (Pentagon: =BC "KWM")=20
          • 294,151 (Nahm93)=20
          • 214,899 KIA + 101,680 MIA (Wallechinsky; Clodfelter, = citing=20 ["highly suspect"] Defense Dept. est.) [=3D316,579]=20
          • 316,579 (COWP)=20
          • 350,000 (Rummel)=20
          • 520,000 (Small & Singer, FAS)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 316,579]
        • NoKo Civilian=20
          • 406,000 killed + 680,000 missing (Nahm93)=20
          • Up to 1,000,000 (Wallechinsky; Clodfelter)=20
          • 1,185,000 (Rummel)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 1,000,000]
        • NoKo Military + Civilian=20
          • 500,000 (Britannica)=20
          • 700,000 (Dictionary of 20C World History)=20
          • 926,000 (Compton's)=20
          • 1,316,579 (Wallechinsky; Clodfelter)=20
          • 1,380,151 (Nahm93)=20
          • 1,535,000 (Rummel)=20
          • [MEDIAN: 1,316,579]
      • China=20
        • 110,000 KIA + 35,000 other (FAS citing "Chinese sources")=20
        • 225,000 KIA (Pentagon: =BC "KWM")=20
        • 401,401 KIA + 21,211 MIA (Wallechinsky; Clodfelter, citing = ["highly=20 suspect"] Defense Dept. est.) [=3D 422,612]=20
        • 422,612 (COWP)=20
        • 500,000 (Rummel)=20
        • 900,000 (Compton's, S&S, FAS)=20
        • 1,000,000 (Britannica)=20
        • [MEDIAN: ca. 460,000]
      • Combined Chinese and North Korean military dead=20
        • 400,000 (from disease, Wallechinsky; Clodfelter [in addition = to KIA=20 est. above])=20
        • 500,000 (from battle, Summers)=20
        • 0.5M (generally, Lewy)=20
        • 1.5M (from all causes, Hastings)
      • US=20
        • 33,000 (Dictionary of 20C World History)=20
        • 33,625 (Nahm93)=20
        • 33,741 battle + 2,827 other =3D 36,568 (DIOR [official])=20
        • 36,940, incl. 3275 non-combat (FAS)=20
        • 54,000 (Britannica, S&S)=20
        • 54,246 (COWP)=20
        • 33,629 KIA + 20,617 other =3D 54,246 (Summers, Wallechinsky, = Lewy,=20 Encyclopedia Americana)=20
        • 33,629 (Compton's; Hastings)
      • Other UN: 2,186 (Nahm93); 2,630 (S&S); 3,063 (Hastings, = Summers);=20 3,194 (Wallechinsky)=20
        • By nation=20
          • UK=20
            • 11 Nov. 2000 Times [London]: 1,078 British=20
            • Clodfelter, COWP, Wallechinsky: 710=20
            • Leckie, S&S: 670
          • Turkey=20
            • S&S: 720=20
            • COWP, Clodfelter, Leckie, Wallechinsky: 717
          • Canada=20
            • Clodfelter: 291=20
            • COWP, Leckie: 309=20
            • S&S: 310
          • France=20
            • COWP, Clodfelter, Leckie: 288=20
            • S&S: 290
          • Australia=20
            • Leckie: 265.=20
            • COWP, S&S: 281=20
            • Clodfelter: 291=20
            • AWM: 339 Australia
          • Greece=20
            • S&S: 170=20
            • COWP, Clodfelter, Leckie: 169
          • Columbia=20
            • Clodfelter, S&S, Leckie: 140
          • Ethiopia=20
            • Clodfelter, S&S: 120
          • Neth.=20
            • S&S: 110=20
            • COWP, Clodfelter, Leckie: 111
          • Thailand=20
            • S&S: 110=20
            • Clodfelter, Leckie: 114
          • Belgium=20
            • S&S: 100=20
            • COWP, Clodfelter: 97
          • Phillipines=20
            • S&S: 90=20
            • Clodfelter, Leckie: 92
      • TOTAL=20
        • 1,333,060 killed + 1,067,740 missing (Nahm93, not including = Chinese)=20
        • 1,892,000 (S&S, not including civilians)=20
        • 2,454,000 (Compton's)=20
        • 2,488,744 (Wallechinsky)=20
        • 2,854,000 (Britannica)=20
        • 2,889,000 (Eckhardt)=20
        • 3,000,000 (D. Smith)=20
        • 3,000,000 (B&J)=20
        • 3,062,000 (Rummel)=20
        • 3,500,000 (Lewy, incl. 2-3M civilians)
      • [MEDIAN of TOTALS: ca. 2,950,000] or [TOTAL of MEDIANS: ca.=20 2,470,000]
    • Atrocities:
      • 1950 massacre in Seoul by North Koreans: 128,936 (Nahm93); = 100,000=20 (Dictionary of 20C World History) [AP makes it sound like = these=20 were all over So.Ko., not just Seoul.]=20
      • AP [http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2000/investigative-reporting/works= /]=20
        • No Gun Ri, 1950: US massacre of civilian refugees (ca. 100 = killed by=20 air attack, 200-400 killed by infantry) first reported by = AP, 29=20 Sep. 1999. US News & World Report (22 May 2000) cast = serious=20 doubt on the reliability of many of the eye-witness accounts. = The=20 AP response (16 May 2000) restored credibility.=20
        • Killed by N.Koreans (13 Oct. 1999 AP):=20
          • Taejon: 5,000 to 7,500 civilians and 42 US POWs=20
          • "The U.S. Army, in November 1951, cited U.N. figures = saying 25,575=20 South Korean civilians were killed during the communist = occupation of=20 South Korea. But the South Korean government later put that = toll at=20 129,000."
      • Gilbert, History of the Twentieth Century: 26,000 South = Korean=20 civilians executed by North Koreans within their zone of conquest, = 1950.=20
      • Lewy: 2,701 out of 7,140 US POWs died after capture. In all, = 5,639=20 USAns died as a result of war crimes.=20
      • VFW, citing Potter Comm. Report: 7,000 civilians and 60 US = POWs k. in=20 Taejon by N.Kor. (23-27 Sept. 1950) [http://www.vfw.org/magazine/feb03/koreanwaratrocities.htm]=20
      • Alleged & unproven USA/ROK atrocities:=20
        • From the 14 July 2003 Guardian: "[The North Koreans] say = that the US=20 started the fighting and committed atrocities on civilians at = Sinchon, a=20 claim for which there is little evidence, but one which is the = subject=20 of numerous gory paintings."=20
        • 13 Oct. 1999 AP: "The North Koreans... alleged that earlier = the=20 southern government had murdered thousands of communist = sympathizers=20 around Taejon... in July 1950."=20
        • Some guys on Internet: Comm. sympathizers killed by = S.Koreans (1950)=20 [http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nogun2.htm]=20
          • Pusan: 50,000=20
          • Throughout the country: 100,000+=20
          • Seoul: 29,000
        • Some other guy on Internet: 35,000 k.at Sinchun [http://www.kimsoft.com/2002/sinchun.htm]=20
        • North Korean news releases:=20
          • [http://210.145.168.243/pk/118th_issue/99110404.htm]=20
            • "At least 109,000 people of south Korea were killed by = the U.S.=20 imperialists in 1949 alone."=20
            • "In Sinchon county, South Hwanghae Province, alone they = killed=20 more than 35,380 people or one fourth of its entire = population in a=20 little over 50 days."=20
            • "Lording it over south Korea after the war, they = ruthlessly=20 killed people as their hunting and shooting targets and = playthings=20 and for pleasure, regardless of men and women, young and=20 old."
      • NOTE: The Korean War was preceded by an unsuccessful Communist=20 uprising. It was the failure to seize control from within that = sparked=20 the North Korean invasion.
    • Sources:
      • Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War (1987)=20
      • Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A = Statistical=20 Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991=20
      • COWP: Correlates of War Project [http://www.correlatesofwar.org/cow2%20data/WarData/InterState/I= nter-State%20War%20Participants%20(V%203-0).htm]=20
      • DIOR: US Dept. of Defense, Directorate for Information = Operations and=20 Reports [http://web1.whs.osd.mil/mmid/CASUALTY/KOREA.xls] = (NOTE:=20 These numbers do not include 17,678 other deaths which occured = outside the=20 theater of ops.)=20
      • Encyclopedia Americana (1995)=20
      • Hastings, Max, The Korean War (1987)=20
      • Leckie, Robert, Conflict: the history of the Korean War,=20 1950-53 (1962)=20
      • Lewy, Guenter, America in Vietnam (1978)=20
      • Nahm, Andrew, Korea: tradition and transformation = (1988):=20 "Nahm88"=20
      • Nahm, Andrew, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of = Korea=20 (1993): "Nahm93"=20
      • "Pentagon"=20
        • Blair, Leckie and the Encyclopedia Americana cite = Pentagon=20 estimates for the total killed, wounded and missing:=20
          • All UN: 996,937 (Pentagon, kwm)=20
            • South Korea: 850,000 (Pentagon, kwm)
          • All Communist: 1,420,000 (Pentagon, kwm.)=20
            • China: 900,000 (Pentagon, kwm)=20
            • North Korea: 520,000 (Pentagon, kwm)
        • Now, if we use the standard ratio of 1 killed for every 3 = wounded,=20 we get the numbers that I have attributed above to "Pentagon"=20
        • While we're at it, notice that S&S's estimates for = killed are=20 often the same as the Pentagon's estimates for killed, wounded = and=20 missing.
      • Summers, H., Korean War Almanac = (1990)
  7. North Korea (1948 et = seq.)=20 [make = link]=20
  8. Rwanda and Burundi = (1959-95): 1=20 350 000 [make = link]=20
    • Back and forth massacres between Hutu and Tutsi
    1. Rwanda (late 1950s, early 1960s, primarily Tutsi=20 killed by Hutu)=20
      • Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa: 10,000 (1959-61)=20
      • Edgerton=20
        • 1959: 20,000 Tutsi k. by Hutu. "Tutsi soon struck back, = killing at=20 least as many Hutu"=20
        • 1963: 10,000 Tutsi k.
      • Harff & Gurr: 5,000 - 14,000 (1963-64)=20
      • Eckhardt: 102,000 civ. + 3,000 mil. =3D 105,000 (1956-65)=20
      • D.Smith: 20,000 (1959-61) + 100,000 (1962-66) =3D 120,000=20
      • WHPSI: 21,000 (1964), 5,000 (1966), none listed for = 1962, '63,=20 '65, but it might be that the 1964 number is meant to cover the = entire=20 span rather than just '64.=20
      • S&S: 2,500 (1963-64)
    2. Burundi (1969, primarily Hutu killed by=20 Tutsi)=20
      • D.Smith: > 50,000
    3. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed = by=20 Tutsi) 120 000=20
      • Dunnigan (1991): 210,000=20
      • 1984 World Almanac: 150,000 Hutu, 10,000 Tutsi=20
      • Edgerton: 100,000-200,000=20
      • BBC: 150,000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/106899= 1.stm]=20
      • Diamond, Jared, The Third Chimpanzee: 80-200,000=20
      • Rene Lemarchand: 100,000 - 150,000 (in Century of = Genocide,=20 Samuel Totten, ed., (1997))=20
      • Britannica: 100,000 - 150,000=20
      • MEDIAN: ca. 125,000=20
      • Dict.Wars: 100,000 Hutu and 10,000 Tutsi=20
      • D.Smith: 100,000=20
      • Eckhardt: 80,000 civ. + 20,000 mil. =3D 100,000=20
      • Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa: 100,000=20
      • WHPSI: 81,754 (1971-72)=20
      • S&S: 50,000 battle deaths
    4. Burundi (1988) 20 000=20
      • Dunnigan (1991): 33,000=20
      • Britannica: 20,000=20
      • D.Smith: > 20,000=20
      • War Annual 8 (1997): 20,000=20
      • Encarta: 5,000=20
      • MEDIAN: 20,000
    5. Burundi (1993- ) 200 000=20
      • [Listed Chronologically]=20
      • Dict.Wars: 50,000 in 1993=20
      • B&J: 100,000 (1992-93)=20
      • CDI: 170,000 (1988-97)=20
      • 29 April 1999 AP: 150,000-250,000 (1993-98)=20
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 200,000 (1993-99)=20
      • Ploughshares 2000: 200,000 (1988-2000)=20
      • BBC=20
        • Country Profiles: 300,000 since 1993 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm<= /FONT>]=20
        • 22 April, 2005: 250,000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4472135.stm]
        =
      • 15 July 2003 MSN/Reuters: >300,000, mostly = civilians, since=20 1993
    6. Rwanda (1994, primarily Tutsi=20 killed by Hutu) 937 000=20
      • D.Smith: 500,000=20
      • War Annual 8 (1997): 500,000=20
      • Rene Lemarchand: 500,000 (in Century of Genocide, = Samuel=20 Totten, ed., (1997))=20
      • Agence France Presse (20 Feb. 1998): 500,000 to 800,000=20
      • Ploughshares 2000: 500,000-1,000,000 (1994) followed by = tens of=20 thous.=20
      • PBS Frontline: the Triumph of Evil: 800,000 ( http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughte= r.html)=20
      • MEDIAN: ca. 800,000=20
      • Victoria Brittain, Death of Dignity (1998): 850,000=20
      • Dict.Wars: 850,000 in 1994=20
      • 4 Apr 2004 Reuters: 937,000 according to new census by Rwandan = govt.=20
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 800,000 in 1994; 1M = total as=20 of 1999=20
      • B&J: 1,000,000 (1990-95)=20
      • Nyarubuye Massacre=20
        • 4 Apr 2004 BBC: 5,000-10,000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3582267.stm]
    • TOTAL OF MEDIANS: 1.2 M=20
    • TOTAL RANGE: 0.7-1.7 M
  9. Second Indochina War = (1960-75):=20 3 500 000 [make = link]=20
    • Vietnam War (1965-73): 1 700 000=20
      • Most historians of the Second Indochina War concern themselves = primarily with the American Phase of the conflict, 1965-73; = however, many=20 do not specify whether their estimated death tolls cover only this = phase=20 of the war or the whole thing. An asterisk(*) indicates that the = number=20 seems to cover the entire conflict rather than just the American = Phase,=20 but check the "Sources= "=20 section to see exactly which years are covered by each authority:=20
      • South Vietnam military=20
        • 181,483 (Gilbert)=20
        • 185,000 to 225,000 (Britannica)=20
        • 220,357 (Lewy, Ency. Americana)=20
        • 223,748 (Summers; also 3 April 1995 AP)=20
        • 224,000 (Kutler, Olson)=20
        • 250,000 (Clodfelter, Grenville*)=20
        • 254,257 (Wallechinsky*, COWP [1965-75])=20
        • 650,000 (Small & Singer)=20
        • [MEDIAN: 224,000]
      • North Vietnamese military and Viet Cong=20
        • 444,000 (Ency. Americana)=20
        • 500,000 (S&S)=20
        • 660,000 (Olson)=20
        • 666,000 (Lewy, with the possibility that as many as 222,000 = (1/3) of these were actually SVN civilians = mistaken for=20 VC)=20
        • 666,000 (Summers)=20
        • 700,000 (COWP [DRV 1965-75])=20
        • 700,000-1,000,000 (Wallechinsky*)=20
        • 900,000 (Britannica; Grenville*)=20
        • 922,290 (Gilbert [NVN soldiers + civilians + VC])=20
        • 1,000,000 (Clodfelter)=20
        • 1,100,000 (Tucker*, Official VN* [1954-75])=20
        • [MEDIAN: starred*: 1,000,000. unstarred: 666,000]
      • South Vietnamese civilians=20
        • 50,000 (Gilbert)=20
        • 250,000 (Olson)=20
        • 287,000 (Clodfelter =3D 247,600 war deaths + 38,954 = assassinated by=20 NLF)=20
        • 300,000 (Kutler; Summers)=20
        • 340,000 (Lewy's estimate, with the possibility that an = additional=20 222,000 counted as VC (above) belong in this category)=20
        • 430,000 (The Sen. E. Kennedy Commission, according to Lewy, = Olson)=20
        • 522,000 (Wallechinsky*)=20
        • 1,000,000 (Britannica [in both North and South]; = Eckhardt;=20 Grenville*)=20
        • 2,000,000 (Tucker*, Official VN* [N&S, 1954-75],)=20
        • [MEDIAN: starred*: ca. 1,500,000. unstarred: = 300,000]
      • North Vietnamese civilians: 65,000 (Kutler, Lewy, Olson, = Summers,=20 Wallechinsky) by American bombing.=20
      • USA=20
        • 55,337 (Gilbert)=20
        • 47,378 KIA + 10,799 other =3D 58,177 (Official US DoD, = 1964-73)=20
        • 58,159 (Kutler)=20
        • 58,153 (Wallechinsky*, COWP)=20
        • 58,000 (Britannica)=20
        • 47,244 KIA + 10,446 other =3D 57,690 (Olson; Summers, = 1961-80)=20
        • 57,605 (Ency. Americana)=20
        • 56,146 (Lewy: 46,498 KIA + 10,388 other + 719 MIA)=20
        • 56,000 (S&S)
      • South Korea: 4,407 (Lewy, Olson, Summers); 4,687 = (Wallechinsky, COWP);=20 5,000 (S&S)=20
      • Philippines: 1,000 (S&S)=20
      • Thailand: 351 (Lewy, Olson, Summers, Wallechinsky); 1,000 = (S&S)=20
      • Australia: 469 (Lewy, Summers, Olson [w/NZ]); 492 (S&S); = 494=20 (Wallechinsky); 520 (AWM)=20
      • TOTAL=20
        • 1,021,442 (COWP)=20
        • 1,216,000 (military only, S&S)=20
        • 1,312,000 (Summers)=20
        • 1,353,000 (Lewy)=20
        • 1,520,453 (WHPSI: S. Vietnamese only, 1965-75)=20
        • 1,637,000 (Olson)=20
        • 1,721,000 (Kutler)=20
        • 1,749,000 (Wallechinsky*)=20
        • 1,800,000 (B&J*, 1960-75)=20
        • 2,058,000 (Eckhardt)=20
        • 2,163,000 (Britannica)=20
        • 2,500,000 (Grenville*)=20
        • 3,000,000 (1965-75, Chomsky* (1987))=20
        • >3,100,000 (Tucker*; Official VN*)
      • MEDIAN TOTALS=20
        • Whole conflict*: [MEDIAN of TOTALS: ca. 2,750,000] or [TOTAL = of=20 MEDIANS: ca. 2,850,000]=20
        • American Phase (unstarred): [MEDIAN of TOTALS: ca. = 1,700,000] or=20 [TOTAL of MEDIANS: ca. 1,300,000]
      • Misc. Atrocities:=20
        • Lewy:=20
          • 36,725 civilians assassinated by VC/NVA, 1957-72=20
          • 2,800 civilians executed and 3,000 missing after Hue was = captured=20 by VC/NVA, 1968=20
          • 400 civilians massacred by USAns in the area of Son My = village,=20 incl. 175-200 in My Lai hamlet, 1968=20
          • Because of the lack of weapons recovered from many bodies, = Lewy=20 considers the possibility that up to 222,000 VC KIA may have = actually=20 been innocent bystanders. (Or maybe not. Poor evidence either=20 way.)
        • Harff & Gurr: 475,000 civilians in NLF areas were = victims of=20 repressive politicide, 1965-72=20
        • Young: Hue massacre, 1968:=20
          • Officially: 2,800-5,700=20
          • Len Ackland: 300-400
        • Chomsky (1987): 21,000 VC civilian officials assassinated = under=20 US/GVN Phoenix project (-in text. Endnote gives estimates = ranging=20 40-48,000.). Lewy considers these to be (mostly) legitimate = military=20 targets.=20
        • October 22, 2003 Toledo Blade: Tiger Force (US) committed = ongoing=20 atrocities in Quang Nam province, July-Nov 1967. Incomplete = records show=20 81 murders. The unit reported 1000+ enemies killed, but it = sounds like a=20 lot of those weren't legit. From the article details, I'd guess = they=20 murdered a few hundred (300=B1) civilians. [http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=3D/2003102= 2/SRTIGERFORCE/110190169]=20
        • Hanson:=20
          • VN civilians k. by indiscriminate American bombing: 50,000 =
          • VN civilians k. by indiscriminate Communist rocketing, = artillery=20 and terrorism: 400,000
        • Rummel:=20
          • 51,000 democides by South Vietnam (1963-75), incl...=20
            • executions: 30,000=20
            • forced relocations: 5,000 dead=20
            • prison deaths: 5,000
          • 166,000 democides by NVN/VC in SVN:=20
            • Officials assassinated: 17,000=20
            • Civilians assassinated: 49,000=20
            • Refugees killed, 1975: 50,000=20
            • Misc: 50,000
          • 6,000 democides by USA
    • In addition to the American Phase of the War, there are four = tangental=20 conflicts which are sometimes discussed as part of the Vietnam War, = but=20 usually considered peripheral:=20
      1. Vietnamese Civil War, internal phase, 1960-65=20
        • Clodfelter, 1961-64=20
          • South Vietnam, military: 21,442=20
          • Communist: 71,000=20
          • Civilian: 160,000=20
          • TOTAL: 252,442
        • Chomsky (1987):=20
          • 1957-61: 66,000 VC (p.274, citing B. Fall), 80,000 = Vietnamese=20 (p.323)=20
          • 1961-4/65: 89,000 VC=20
          • to mid 1966: 60,000 ("enemy" (McNamara) - "probably" = including=20 civilians (Chomsky))=20
          • Total, 1954-65: 160-170,000 VNese (p.324)
        • S&S: 300,000 battle deaths, 1960-65=20
        • Eckhardt: 200,000 civ. + 100,000 mil. =3D 300,000 (1960-65)=20
        • COWP: 302,000=20
          • RVN: 300,000=20
          • USA: 2,000
        • Young: NLF lost 100,000 dead 1961-(?)64=20
        • WHPSI:=20
          • 21,686 deaths by political violence in South Vietnam, = 1960-64=20
          • 4,021 from 1955 to 1959
      2. Cambodian Civil War (1970-75): 600 = 000=20
        • Chomsky (1987): half a million to a million.=20
        • Rummel, 1954-75:=20
          • War Dead: 429,000=20
          • Democide: 288,000=20
          • TOTAL: 717,000
        • Tucker: 10% of 7M [which comes to 700,000]=20
        • Clodfelter; also Wallechinsky (1970-75)=20
          • Cambodian govt.: 50,000=20
          • Total violent deaths, incl. Comm. and civ.: >250,000=20
          • Total war-related deaths, incl. hunger: 600,000
        • T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule = (1996),=20 citing a Finnish commission: 600,000=20
        • MEDIAN: ca. 0.5-0.6M=20
        • Chirot: 500,000=20
        • B&J: 300,000=20
        • SIPRI 1989: 156,000=20
        • S&S, 1970-73=20
          • Cambodia: 150,000=20
          • USA: 500=20
          • SVietnam: 5,000=20
          • NVietnam: 500=20
          • TOTAL: 156,000
        • Eckhardt: 156,000=20
        • COWP=20
          • Cambodia: 50,000=20
          • USA: 500=20
          • SVietnam: 5,000=20
          • NVietnam: 500=20
          • TOTAL: 185,000
        • WHPSI: 55,750 k. by pol.viol., 1970-75
      3. Laos=20
        • Wallechinsky, 1959-75: 250,000=20
        • Martin Stuart-Fox A History of Laos: 200,000 by 1973, = incl.=20 30,000 Hmong.=20
        • Rummel, 1954-75:=20
          • War Dead: 32,000=20
          • Democide: 38,000=20
          • TOTAL: 70,000
        • Eckhardt: 12,000 civ. + 12,000 mil. =3D 24,000 (1960-73)=20
        • S&S, 1960-73=20
          • Laos: 5,000 (1960-62), 15,000 (1963-73)=20
          • USA: 500=20
          • NVietnam: 3,000=20
          • TOTAL: 23,500
        • WHPSI: 22,355 k. by pol.viol., 1963-72=20
        • T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule = (1996):=20 20,000 Meo irregulars and 15,000 Royal Lao Army=20
        • Harff & Gurr: 18-20,000 Meo tribemen were victims of = genocide,=20 1963-65
      4. Vietnamese Civil War, final phase, 1973-75=20
        • Young, citing Pentagon estimates:=20
          • ARVN: 26,500 (1973) + 30,000 (1974)=20
          • PRG/DRV: 39,000 (1973) + 61,000 (1974)=20
          • Civilians: 15,000=20
          • [TOTAL: 171,500 killed in the "Cease-Fire=20 War".]
    • [My guess is 2.8M for the entire Vietnam conflict, plus .6M for=20 Cambodia, plus .1M in Laos=20
    • Sources:=20
      • Britannica: not specified, but the implication is that = the=20 statistics cover the entire war.=20
      • Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics = (1995)=20
      • COWP: Correlates of War Project. Covers the years 1965-75 = [http://www.correlatesofwar.org/cow2%20data/WarData/InterState/I= nter-State%20War%20Participants%20(V%203-0).htm]=20
      • Eckhardt: covers the years 1965-75 (unless otherwise noted)=20
      • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Vietnam War"=20
      • Grenville: does not specify which years are covered, but by = context,=20 it seems to be 1960-75=20
      • Hanson, Victor Davis, "Tet, January 31-April 6, 1968," Carnage = and=20 culture (2001)=20
      • Kutler, Stanley: Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1996) =
      • Lewy, Guenter, America in Vietnam (1978): Lewy's = estimates=20 cover the years 1965-74. (u.o.n.)=20
      • Official VN: On the 20th Anniversary of the war's end, Hanoi = announced=20 its official tally of losses for 21 years of war: 1954-75 [3 April = 1995=20 AP; 30 April 1995 Washington Post. Herald Sun, April = 5,=20 1995; Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), January 1, 1996; Financial = Times=20 (London,England), April 5, 1995; Xinhua News Agency, APRIL 3, = 1995; United=20 Press International, February 25, 1997. (5 Nov. 2004) See also, Common = Mistake=20 #2]=20
      • Olson, James: Dictionary of the Vietnam War (1988): = covers the=20 years 1965-74 (u.o.n.)=20
      • Summers, Harry: Vietnam War Almanac (1985)=20
      • Tucker, Spencer, Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1998) =
      • Wallechinsky: death tolls apparently cover the years 1957-75. = (u.o.n.)=20
      • Young, Marilyn, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990=20 (1991)
  10. Ethiopia (1962-92): = 1 400=20 000 [make = link]=20
    • Essentially, this conflict consists of two simultaneous civil = wars in=20 the same country:=20
      • WHPSI gives 34,825 deaths as of 1977; which is bad, but = still=20 on the low end of bad.=20
      • Chicago Tribune (10 Nov. 1985):=20
        • Ogaden War: 25-30,000=20
        • Eritrean War: 20,000
      • SIPRI 1989 estimated=20
        • Ogaden War (1964-88): 40,000=20
        • Eritrean War (1962-88):=20
          • 45,000 military=20
          • 50,000 civilian
      • B&J=20
        • 1st Ogaden War (1964): 700=20
        • 2nd Ogaden War (1972-78): 30,000=20
        • 3rd Ogaden War (1987-88): 300=20
        • Eritrean War (1965-93): 200,000=20
        • TOTAL: 231,000
      • Dict.Wars: 250,000 deaths in the Eritrean war, = aggravated by=20 drought and famine.=20
      • Eckhardt=20
        • Ogaden, w/ Cuban & Somali intervention (1972-80): 15,000 = civ. +=20 21,000 mil. =3D 36,000=20
        • Eritrean revolt & famine (1974-87): 500,000 civ. + = 46,000 mil. =3D=20 546,000
      • D.Smith says that 1,500,000 had died as of 1991.=20
      • When the war ended, the Washington Post (26 May 91) was = saying=20 that the war had killed 400,000 people. (plus 1,000,000 dead by = famine=20 which you may or may not want to add into the final total.)=20
      • 12 Dec. 1994 Dallas Morning News: 1,500,000 people died = from=20 war, drought and forced resettlement=20
      • Atrocities under Mengistu (r. 1974-91):=20
        • 14 Dec. 1994 NY Times:=20
          • Killed in campaign of persecution after 1974: 150,000=20
          • Died in forced relocation programs: 100,000=20
          • Died in ensuing famines: 1,000,000
        • 27 Jan. 2000 Washington Post: as many as 1M deaths = attributed=20 to his govt.=20
        • Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996): estimates of the number = of=20 killings range from 50,000 to 200,000.=20
        • Harff & Gurr: 30,000 political opponents were victims of = revolutionary politicide, 1974-79
  11. Nigeria (1966-70): 1 000 000 [make = link]=20
    • Coup, 1966=20
      • Harff & Gurr: 9-30,000 Ibos living in the north killed, = 1966=20
      • Edgerton: 5,000 to 50,000 Ibos
    • Biafran War, 1967-70:=20
      • John de St. Jorre, The Brothers' War (1972): 600,000=20
      • WPA3: 600,000=20
      • Edgerton: 500,000 to 1,000,000=20
      • Kuper: 600,000 to 1,000,000=20
      • Encarta: at least 1,000,000 died of starvation=20
      • B&J: 1,000,000 total=20
      • S&S: 1,000,000 battle deaths=20
      • Our Times: at least 1,000,000=20
      • Robert Melson: over 1,000,000 starved (in Is the Holocaust=20 Unique?)=20
      • Compton's Encyclopedia: 1,500,000 starved=20
      • WHPSI: 1,993,900 deaths by political violence, 1966-70. =
      • Dict.Wars: nearly 2,000,000=20
      • Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 1,000,000 mil. =3D 2,000,000=20
      • D. Smith: 2,000,000=20
      • Don Jacobs, The Brutality of Nations (1987): 3,000,000=20
      • MEDIAN: 1.0 M+
  12. Bangladesh (1971): = 1 250=20 000 [make = link]=20
    • The high estimates of how many Bengalis were massacred are = almost 10=20 times the low estimates:=20
      • WHPSI: 307,013 deaths by pol.viol. in Pakistan, 1971.=20
      • D.Smith says 500,000=20
      • S&S: 500,000 (Civil War, Mar.-Dec. 1971)=20
      • 1984 World Almanac: up to 1,000,000 civilians were = killed.=20
      • Hartman: 1,000,000 Bengalis=20
      • B&J: 1,000,000 Bengalis=20
      • Kuper cites a study by Chaudhuri which counted 1,247,000 dead, = and=20 mentions the possibility that it may be as many as 3,000,000.=20
      • MEDIAN: 1,000,000-1,250,000=20
      • Porter: 1M-2M=20
      • Rummel: 1,500,000.=20
      • Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 500,000 mil. =3D 1,500,000 = (Bangladesh)=20
      • Harff & Gurr: 1,250,000 to 3,000,000=20
      • The official estimate in Bangladesh is 3 million dead. = [AP 30=20 Dec. 2000; Agence France Presse 3 Oct. 2000;=20
      • Rounaq Johan: 3,000,000 (in Century of Genocide: Eyewitness = Accounts and Critical Views, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997))=20
      • Compton's Encyclopedia, "Genocide": 3,000,000=20
      • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Bangladesh": = 3,000,000
    • Indo-Pak War, 1971=20
      • B&J=20
        • W. Pakistan: 8,000=20
        • India: 2-3,000
      • S&S=20
        • India: 8,000 [sic]=20
        • Pakistan: 3,000 [sic]=20
        • TOTAL: 11,000
      • Eckhardt (Indo-Paki War): 11,000=20
      • Clodfelter=20
        • India: 3,241=20
        • Pakistan: 7,982=20
        • [TOTAL: 11,223]
      • WPA3=20
        • India: 3,037=20
        • Pakistan: 7,982=20
        • TOTAL: 11,019
      • Hartman:=20
        • India: 10,633=20
        • Pakistan: 17,000=20
        • [TOTAL: 27,633]
  13. Cambodia, Khmer = Rouge=20 (1975-1978): 1 650 000 [make = link]=20
    • Pol Pot's reign of terror is probably the second most widely = publicized=20 genocide of the century, so it's pretty easy to find estimates:=20
      • Math Ly, member of Cambodian Politburo: 3,300,000 (21 May 1987 = AP)=20
      • Rummel: 2,000,000 domestic + 35,000 foreign democides=20
      • SIPRI 1989: 2,000,000=20
      • Elizabeth Becker When the War Was Over (1986): as many = as=20 2,000,000=20
      • D. Smith: 1 to 3 million=20
      • Eckhardt: 1,500,000 civ. + 500,000 mil. =3D 2,000,000=20
      • War Annual 6: 2,000,000=20
      • Kutler, Stanley: Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War = (1996): 2M=20
      • Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism: = 1,300,000 to=20 2,300,000=20
      • Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics = (1995):=20 1,200,000 to 2,000,000=20
      • Wallechinsky: between 1 and 2 million.=20
      • Dict.Wars: 1M ("Cambodian Civil War of 1970-75") to 2M=20 ("Kampuchean Civil War of 1978-98")=20
      • P. Johnson: 1,200,000.=20
      • Marie Martin, Cambodia, a Shattered Society (1994) = cites:=20
        • US State Dept.: 1.2-1.8M=20
        • Demographer En Meng Try: 1.0-1.2M
      • Encarta: "...may have caused more than 1 million..."=20
      • Chandler, David, Brother Number One (1992): = "conservative=20 estimate" of 800,000 to 1,000,000.=20
      • Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (1991): in = the text=20 she gives the range of estimates as 0.7 to 2.0 M. In a footnote, = she=20 favorably cites Michael Vickery's estimate of 700,000 to = 1,000,000.=20
      • Chomsky (1987): 750,000, citing Vickery.
    • These are the numbers quoted in Pol Pot's 1998 obituaries:=20
      • "more than 1 million" (New York Times, Newsweek, Time)=20
      • "1.5 million or more" (Washington Post)=20
      • "up to 2 million" (U.S. News and World = Reports)
    • Ben Kiernan in The Pol Pot Regime (also in "The Cambodian = Genocide", Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical=20 Views, Samuel Totten, editor, 1997) estimates 1,671,000 (21%) = killed out=20 of a population of 7,890,000, including...=20
      • Vietnamese: 10,000 (100%)=20
      • Chinese: 215,000 (50%)=20
      • Lao: 4,000 (40%)=20
      • Thai: 8,000 (40%)=20
      • Cham: 90,000 (36%)=20
      • Urban Khmer: 500,000 (25%)=20
      • Rural Khmer: 825,000 (16%)
    • Average: If we take these 25 estimates and = figure that=20 "more than" means 20% more, while "up to" means 20% less, and = "between"=20 means dead center, then both the median and mean of all these = estimates is=20 1.6M
  14. Mozambique = (1975-1992): 1=20 000 000 [make = link]=20
    • Govt vs RENAMO=20
      • The War Annual 4 (1990) estimates 100,000 killed and = 300,000=20 starved, 1979-89.=20
      • SIPRI 1990: 7-9,000 military + 100,000 civilian = (1985-89)=20
      • Washington Post estimates:=20
        • 100,000 deaths (5 Oct 1988)=20
        • 600,000-1,000,000 dead (26 Nov 1990)=20
        • 600,000 dead by the end of the fighting (17 Dec 1992)=20
        • an additional 100,000 after the fighting resumed in 1992 (28 = Nov=20 1993)
      • Encarta estimates the dead at 900,000 by 1990.=20
      • Dan Smith (1997) estimates an even million.=20
      • BBC: 1,000,000 (1977-92) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/106312= 0.stm]=20
      • Edgerton: 1,000,000+=20
      • B&J: 1,000,000 (1976-92)
    • Atrocities, civilians murdered by RENAMO=20
      • 20 May 1988 Facts on File World News Digest (citing US = State=20 Dept.): 100,000 k. in previous 2 years. [1986-mid-1988]=20
      • 1988 Gersony Report (US State Dept.): 100,000=20
      • Young: 100-200,000 [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/YLS.= htm]=20
      • Dictionary of 20C World History: 1M
  15. Afghanistan= (1979-2001): 1 800 000 [make = link]=20
    • Soviets vs. Mujahideen vs. Govt. vs. Taliban [estimates listed=20 chronologically]=20
      • War Annual 6 (1994): 1,000,000=20
      • Britannica Annual (1994): 1,500,000=20
      • Wallechinsky (1995): 1,300,000=20
      • D.Smith (1995): 1,500,000=20
      • B&J (1997): 1,500,000 (1979-95)=20
      • Dictionary of 20C World History (1997): 1M=20
      • CDI: 1,550,000 (1978-97)=20
      • 29 April 1999 AP: 2,000,000=20
      • Dict.Wars: >2M=20
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 1,800,000=20
      • Ploughshares 2000: 1,500,000=20
      • [MEDIAN of latest five: 1,800,000]
    • Partials=20
      • Soviet Phase and immediate aftermath only=20
        • Isby, War in a Distant Country: Afghanistan (1989): = Civilian=20 deaths:=20
          • 1986 voluntary aid study: 600,000=20
          • 1987 USAID study: 875,000=20
          • 1987 Gallup study: 1,200,000
        • 2 June 2002 LA Times: 670,000 civilians during = 10-year Soviet=20 occupation=20
        • Toronto Star (6 May 1991): more than 1,000,000=20
        • SIPRI 1990: 1,000,000 total dead (the 1988 Yearbook = estimated=20 100-150T battle dead)=20
        • Minneapolis Star-Tribune (14 Sept. 1991): 1,500,000=20
        • FAS 2000: 1-2M Afghans (1979-89)=20
        • USA Today (17 Apr. 1992): more than 2 million.=20
        • [MEDIAN: 1.5M]
      • 20 Sept 2001 Christian Science Monitor: 400,000 = civilian deaths=20 in the 1990s [http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html]=20
      • Factional fighting in Kabul, 1992-96=20
        • 30 Dec. 2001 AP: 50,000=20
        • 2 June 2002 LA Times: >50,000 acc2 Red=20 Cross
    • Atrocities:=20
      • 2 June 2002 LA Times: 20,000 civilians k. by Soviet air = raids,=20 March 1979 in Herat=20
      • 4 March 1980 AP: 1,300 villagers in Konarha Province k. = by=20 Soviets & Afghan govt. "last year"=20
      • By Soviets in Kunduz (province in northern Afg.)=20
        • 27 March 1985 Chicago Tribune: 900 massacred=20
        • 26 Feb. 1985 AP: 480 civilians massacred at = Chahardara (town)=20 ca. Feb. 2/3
      • Taliban POWs k. by Northern Alliance in Mazar-i-Sharif, May = 1997=20
        • 28 Nov.1998 NY Times: up to 2,000=20
        • 26 Aug. 2002 Newsweek: 1,250
      • By Taliban in Mazar-e Sharif, Nov. 1998=20
        • 13 Nov. 1998 News-India Times: 5,000-8,000 massacred=20
        • 28 Nov.1998 Washington Post: 2,000-5,000 ethnic = Hazara=20 civilians k.
      • Harff & Gurr: 1,000,000 old regime loyalists, rebel = supporters=20 were victims of revolutionary politicide.
    • Soviet deaths:=20
      • FAS 2000: ca. 14,500=20
      • 20 May 88 Chicago Tribune: 12-15,000 killed=20
      • Isby, War in a Distant Country: 13,310 KIA as of 25 May = 1988=20
      • 24 Dec. 1989 Arizona Republic: 13,310=20
      • War Annual 6 (1994): 13,833=20
      • Wallechinsky: 14,454, incl. 11,381 in = combat
  16. Iran-Iraq = War (1980-88): 1 000 000 [make = link]=20
    • Most newpaper articles agree on the number, but they can't agree = on the=20 number of what. They talk of a million "killed", a million = "killed=20 and wounded", or a million "casualties". Here are the estimates = among the=20 sources which specify the number as killed:=20
      • Eckhardt: 377,000 as of 1987=20
      • Hammond: 400,000=20
      • 5 March 1991 AP=20
        • Iran has acknowledged 135,000 mil. + civ. k.=20
        • Western military analysts: 2 or 3 times higher=20
        • Diplomats in Baghdad: 100,000 Iraqi dead=20
        • [Total: (?) 437,500 =B1 67,500]=20
        • Conservative Western estimates: 1M k. or wd.
      • Dunnigan (1991): over 500,000=20
      • Dictionary of 20C World History: >500,000=20
      • Bulloch & Morris, The Gulf War (1989): 500,000=20
      • SIPRI 1989: 532,000=20
      • Clodfelter=20
        • Iranians: best est. 450,000 (as high as 730,000)=20
        • Iraqis: 150,000 (as high as 340,000)=20
        • [TOTAL: 600,000 (as high as 1,070,000)
      • Chirot=20
        • Iranians: 400,000-600,000=20
        • Iraqis: 200,000=20
        • [TOTAL: 700,000 =B1 100,000]
      • MEDIAN: 700,000-1,000,000=20
        • Iranians: 500,000-600,000=20
        • Iraqis: 200,000-300,000
      • WPA3: 1,000,000 (600,000 Iranians and 400,000 Iraqis)=20
      • Compton's Encyclopedia: 1,000,000=20
      • Encarta: 1,000,000=20
      • Toronto Star (11 Dec 88): 1,000,000=20
      • San Francisco Chronicle (29 Jan. 1991): 1,000,000=20
      • Our Times: at least 1,000,000=20
      • War Annual 4: 1,000,000 (600,000 Iranians and 400,000 = Iraqis)=20
      • B&J: 1,000,000 (400,000 Iranians and 200,000 Iraqis)=20
      • Timeframe: 1,200,000 (900,000 Iranians and 300,000=20 Iraqis)
      • The web site of the President of Iran gives the number as both = 1M KIA=20 and 1M K&W on the same page. [http://www.president.ir/cronicnews/1380/8003/800301/800301.htm<= /FONT>]
  17. Sudan (1983 et seq.): 1 900 000 [make = link]=20
    • [Listed Chronologically]=20
    • War Annual 4 (1990): 500,000 dead, 1983-89=20
    • Dunnigan (1991): 500,000=20
    • Washington Post: 500,000 (12 Feb. 1993)=20
    • Detroit Free Press (AP): 1,300,000 "in the fighting and = resulting=20 famines" (14 Jan. 1997) [http://www.freep.com/news/nw/qsudan14.htm]=20
    • B&J (1997): 1,500,000 (1983-95)=20
    • SIPRI 1997: 37,000 to 40,000 battle dead=20
    • CDI: 1,000,000 (1983-97)=20
    • BBC News Online: 1,500,000 "in fighting and related famines" (4 = June=20 1998) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/world/africa/newsid_106000/10= 6635.stm]=20
    • Time: 1,500,000 killed, 1983-98 (27 July 1998)=20
    • U.S. Committee for Refugees: 1,900,000 (Quantifying Genocide = in=20 Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains, 10 Dec. 1998) [http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.pdf] This = report=20 updates a 1993 study, which had estimated that 1.3M had died thus = far.=20
    • Dict.Wars (1999): 1.5M (1956-98)=20
    • 29 April 1999 AP: 1.5M=20
    • Ploughshares 2000: 2M=20
    • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 2M=20
    • 10 Nov. 2003 Baltimore Sun: 1.5M=20
    • NY Times 27 June 2004: >2M=20
    • [MEDIAN of last 7 estimates: 1.9M]
  18. Kinshasa Congo (1998 et = seq.): 3=20 800 000 [make = link]=20
    • NY Times, Chicago Tribune (9 June 2000): 1,700,000 excess = deaths=20 in eastern Congo due to civil war, incl. 200,000 killed by violence. = (International Rescue Committee study)=20
    • International Rescue Committee, newer study (8 May 2001): = 2,500,000=20 excess deaths in eastern Congo due to civil war, incl. 350,000 = killed by=20 violence. The next study, dated 8 April 2003, estimated 3.3M d.=20
    • International Rescue Committee, newest study: 3,800,000 = excess=20 deaths in D.R. Congo from the start of the Second Congo War through = April=20 30, 2005. [http://intranet.theirc.org/docs/DRC_MortalitySurvey2004_RB_8Dec= 04.pdf]

List=20 of Recurring Sources

to Table of=20 Contents

Last updated November 2005

Copyright =A9 1999-2005 Matthew=20 White

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